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# Gas Nose

## Sitemaps
[XML Sitemap](https://www.gasnose.com/sitemap_index.xml): Includes all crawlable and indexable pages.

## Posts
- [What Is Gas Sensor Drift? Zero Drift, Span Drift & Baseline Drift Explained](https://www.gasnose.com/knowledge/gas-sensor-drift/): Gas sensor drift can affect the sensor's:
- [Gas Detector Measurement Units: ppm vs ppb vs %LEL vs %Vol](https://www.gasnose.com/knowledge/gas-detector-measurement-units/): Gas detector specifications are full of units:
- [Gas Detection for Battery Energy Storage Systems: What Gases Should Be Monitored?](https://www.gasnose.com/knowledge/bess-gas-detection/): That means BESS gas detection should be designed around:
- [Wastewater Gas Detection: What Gases Should Be Monitored?](https://www.gasnose.com/knowledge/wastewater-gas-detection/): A wastewater gas detection system should be designed from:
- [Gas Sensor Cross-Sensitivity Explained: Why Gas Detectors Give False or Misleading Readings](https://www.gasnose.com/knowledge/gas-sensor-cross-sensitivity/): A gas sensor is usually designed around a target gas.
- [Where Should Fixed Gas Detectors Be Installed? A Practical Placement Guide](https://www.gasnose.com/knowledge/fixed-gas-detector-placement/): Fixed gas detector placement is not primarily a question of:
- [Gas Detector Alarm Settings: Low, High, STEL & TWA Explained](https://www.gasnose.com/knowledge/gas-detector-alarm-settings-low-high-stel-twa/): Gas detector alarm settings therefore should not be treated as four arbitrary numbers.
- [Gas Detector Bump Test vs Calibration: What’s the Difference?](https://www.gasnose.com/knowledge/gas-detector-bump-test-vs-calibration/): A gas detector can turn on normally, display zero in fresh air and still fail to respond correctly when hazardous gas reaches the sensor.
- [Fixed vs Portable Gas Detectors: Which Do You Need?](https://www.gasnose.com/knowledge/fixed-vs-portable-gas-detectors/): The choice between a fixed gas detector and a portable gas detector is not simply about which instrument is more advanced.
- [PID vs LEL Gas Detector: What’s the Difference and Which One Do You Need?](https://www.gasnose.com/knowledge/pid-vs-lel-gas-detector/): A PID and an LEL detector can both respond to gases and vapors in an industrial atmosphere, but they are designed to answer different safety questions.
- [Catalytic vs NDIR vs TDLAS Methane Sensors: Which Technology Should You Choose?](https://www.gasnose.com/knowledge/catalytic-vs-ndir-vs-tdlas-methane-sensors/): Methane can be measured using several fundamentally different sensing technologies.
- [Post-Blast Gas Monitoring: When Is It Safe to Re-Enter?](https://www.gasnose.com/knowledge/post-blast-gas-monitoring-mine-reentry/): The safest answer to “How long should workers wait before re-entering after blasting?” is not a fixed number of minutes.
- [How to Choose Gases for a Multi-Gas Detector: A Practical Selection Guide](https://www.gasnose.com/knowledge/multi-gas-detector-gas-selection/): Choosing a multi-gas detector should not start with a question such as:
- [Gas Detection in Underground Mines: What Gases Should Be Monitored?](https://www.gasnose.com/knowledge/underground-mine-gas-detection/): One of the biggest mistakes in mining gas detection is treating every underground mine as if it had the same atmospheric hazards.
- [Confined Space Gas Monitoring: What Gases Should You Test Before Entry?](https://www.gasnose.com/knowledge/confined-space-gas-monitoring/): Confined-space gas monitoring should not begin with:
- [What Does a 4-Gas Monitor Detect? O₂, LEL, H₂S & CO Explained](https://www.gasnose.com/knowledge/what-does-a-4-gas-monitor-detect/): A 4-gas monitor is a portable multi-gas detector commonly configured to monitor four major atmospheric hazards at the same time:
- [3-Electrode vs 4-Electrode Electrochemical Gas Sensors: What’s the Difference?](https://www.gasnose.com/knowledge/3-electrode-vs-4-electrode-electrochemical-gas-sensors/): A 3-electrode electrochemical gas sensor normally uses a working electrode (WE), reference electrode (RE), and counter electrode (CE).
- [What Is an AI Nose? How AI-Powered Electronic Noses Detect Smells and Chemical Patterns](https://www.gasnose.com/knowledge/what-is-an-ai-nose/): An AI Nose is an artificial olfaction system that combines chemical sensing hardware with signal processing and artificial intelligence to recognize patterns in gases, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), odors, and changing chemical environments.
- [What Is a Safe LEL Level?](https://www.gasnose.com/knowledge/what-is-a-safe-lel-level/): A safe LEL level should be as close to 0% LEL as reasonably achievable. In many industrial and confined-space programs, 10% LEL is treated as an action or hazardous-atmosphere threshold, not as a target operating level.

## Pages
- [NDIR Gas Sensors: Working Principle, Infrared Absorption & Selection Guide | Gas Nose](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-sensors/ndir-gas-sensors/): O₂, N₂ and H₂ are not conventional NDIR targets because homonuclear diatomic molecules do not provide the strong standard mid-IR absorption behavior used by ordinary NDIR gas sensors. Those gases normally use other sensing methods.
- [Electrochemical Gas Sensors: Working Principle, Advantages, Gases & Selection Guide | Gas Nose](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-sensors/electrochemical-gas-sensors/): Electrochemical gas sensors convert a gas-specific oxidation or reduction reaction into a small electrical current. They are one of the most established technologies for low-power detection of toxic gases such as CO, H₂S, SO₂, NO₂, Cl₂ and HCN—and they remain a core sensing platform in portable detectors, fixed transmitters and OEM gas modules.
- [R1234yf Refrigerant Sensors: A2L Leak Detection, Automotive & NDIR Guide | Gas Nose](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-sensors/r1234yf-refrigerant-sensors/): R1234yf sensing is not one detector problem. A service technician may need a probe that finds a leak in g/year; an OEM test station may need rapid leak localization; a workshop or test cell may need ppm area monitoring; and a safety system may need concentration referenced to %LFL. The correct sensor depends on which of those jobs you actually need to solve.
- [R134a Refrigerant Sensors: Leak Detection, NDIR, HVAC & Service Guide | Gas Nose](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-sensors/r134a-refrigerant-sensors/): R134a is 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a), an A1 refrigerant with no flame propagation under ASHRAE classification. That makes R134a sensor selection fundamentally different from R32, R454B or R290: the design target is usually ppm-level early leak detection, machinery-room safety, system-loss monitoring or service leak location — not %LFL mitigation.
- [R600a Refrigerant Sensors: Isobutane Leak Detection, LFL & OEM Selection | Gas Nose](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-sensors/r600a-refrigerant-sensors/): R600a is refrigerant-grade isobutane (C4H10), an A3 highly flammable refrigerant widely used in household refrigerators, freezers and compact self-contained refrigeration. Selecting an R600a sensor is not just a question of “can it detect hydrocarbons?” The real job is to match R600a-specific calibration, %LFL threshold, appliance standard, charge size, enclosure geometry, condensation resistance and fail-safe diagnostics to the equipment.
- [R290 Refrigerant Sensors: A3 Propane Leak Detection & OEM Guide | Gas Nose](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-sensors/r290-refrigerant-sensors/): R290 is refrigerant-grade propane (C3H8) and an A3 highly flammable refrigerant. Selecting an R290 sensor is therefore not just a question of “can it detect propane?” An HVAC/R OEM must define the %LFL threshold, equipment standard, leak-mitigation logic, sensor location, condensation and oil exposure, fault response and lifetime validation for the complete refrigerant detection system.
- [R454B Refrigerant Sensors: A2L Leak Detection, %LFL & HVAC OEM Guide | Gas Nose](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-sensors/r454b-refrigerant-sensors/): R454B refrigerant sensors are increasingly built into residential and light-commercial air conditioners and heat pumps as part of an A2L refrigerant detection system (RDS). The hard part is not merely detecting a refrigerant leak: an OEM sensor must be calibrated for the actual R32/R1234yf blend, report concentration on the correct %LFL basis, survive condensation and refrigerant oil, identify internal faults and help the appliance initiate mitigation before R454B reaches a hazardous concentration.
- [R32 Refrigerant Sensors: A2L Leak Detection & HVAC OEM Guide | Gas Nose](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-sensors/r32-refrigerant-sensors/): The phrase “R32 sensor” can describe a technician's handheld leak finder, a simple ppm alarm module or a continuously installed safety-related sensor inside HVAC equipment. Before comparing specifications, define the measurement job.
- [A2L Refrigerant Sensors: R32 & R454B Leak Detection Guide | Gas Nose](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-sensors/a2l-refrigerant-sensors/): An A2L refrigerant sensor is not just a generic “Freon leak sensor.” In modern HVAC and heat-pump equipment it is part of a refrigerant detection system that may have to detect R32, R454B or another A2L refrigerant at a defined fraction of its lower flammability limit, remain stable for the life of the appliance, survive condensation and refrigerant oil, perform self-checks, and trigger mitigation logic before a hazardous concentration develops.
- [Refrigerant Gas Sensors: R32, R454B, R290 & HVAC Leak Detection Guide | Gas Nose](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-sensors/refrigerant-gas-sensors/): Refrigerant gas sensing is not one measurement problem. An R32 or R454B sensor used to trigger A2L mitigation, an R290 sensor used around an A3 appliance, an R134a leak monitor, an ammonia detector and a CO₂ refrigeration monitor all operate under different hazard, range and technology assumptions. The correct design starts with the refrigerant, safety class, alarm function, required range and equipment standard.
- [Nitrous Oxide Sensors: N₂O Sensor Selection for Medical, Safety & Emissions | Gas Nose](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-sensors/nitrous-oxide-sensors/): Nitrous oxide sensing spans four very different measurement scales: tens of ppm for waste-anesthetic exposure, percent-level medical or process gas, ppm emissions and semiconductor applications, and sub-ppm atmospheric or soil-flux research. The correct sensor depends on the range, response time, gas matrix, sampling method and whether the measurement protects workers, controls a process, monitors a patient gas path or quantifies greenhouse-gas emissions.
- [Alcohol Sensors: Ethanol & Breath Alcohol Sensor Selection Guide | Gas Nose](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-sensors/alcohol-sensors/): Most OEM “alcohol sensors” are designed around ethanol (C₂H₅OH), but the correct sensor depends on what is being measured. Professional breath alcohol instruments work with a controlled exhaled sample and BrAC units; ambient ethanol sensors work in ppm; flammable-gas systems work in %LEL. Fuel-cell, electrochemical, MEMS/MOS, PID and infrared technologies therefore belong to different parts of the same alcohol-sensing problem.
- [Ethylene Sensors: C₂H₄ Sensor Guide for Fruit Ripening, Cold Storage & Safety | Gas Nose](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-sensors/ethylene-sensors/): The word “ethylene sensor” can describe a postharvest research instrument, a ripening-room process sensor or a combustible-gas safety detector. The first selection question is therefore not the technology—it is the concentration range and the decision the system must make.
- [TVOC Sensors: Total VOC Sensor Selection, Measurement & Calibration Guide | Gas Nose](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-sensors/tvoc-sensors/): A TVOC sensor does not measure a single gas called “TVOC.” It produces a combined or equivalent response to a changing mixture of volatile organic compounds. The engineering task is therefore to define what the output should mean—trend, index, equivalent concentration, industrial PID screening or laboratory-comparable data—before choosing the sensor.
- [Oxygen Sensors: O₂ Sensor Selection Guide for Safety, Medical & Process | Gas Nose](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-sensors/oxygen-sensors/): Fuel-cell oxygen sensors provide passive millivolt output over high O₂ ranges but consume active material with cumulative oxygen exposure.
- [Carbon Dioxide Sensors: CO₂ Sensor Selection Guide for IAQ, HVAC, Safety & Process | Gas Nose](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-sensors/carbon-dioxide-sensors/): Carbon dioxide sensing spans very different engineering jobs: monitoring occupied-space ventilation around the low-thousands of ppm, detecting hazardous releases at percent-level concentrations, and controlling processes such as greenhouses, incubators, fermentation and controlled atmospheres. Select the range, calibration strategy, sensing principle and installation method for the actual CO₂ duty—not simply by the label “CO₂ sensor.”
- [Combustible Gas Sensors: LEL Detection, Technologies & OEM Selection Guide | Gas Nose](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-sensors/combustible-gas-sensors/): Choose combustible gas sensors for residential fuel-gas alarms, portable gas detectors, fixed industrial transmitters, confined-space instruments, process areas and connected safety systems. The first engineering decision is whether the instrument must detect a broad range of flammable gases or measure one gas—such as methane, propane or hydrogen—with higher selectivity.
- [Natural Gas Sensors: Methane Leak Detection, LEL & OEM Selection Guide | Gas Nose](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-sensors/natural-gas-sensors/): Select natural gas sensors for residential alarms, boilers and gas appliances, utility rooms, commercial buildings, industrial 0–100%LEL monitoring, pipelines, CNG facilities and LNG service. The key engineering decision is whether the product must measure methane specifically or provide a broader combustible-gas response to a methane-dominant fuel mixture.
- [Propane Sensors: C3H8 Leak, LEL & R290 Sensor Selection Guide | Gas Nose](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-sensors/propane-sensors/): Select propane sensors for residential fuel-gas alarms, cylinder and bulk-storage areas, industrial 0–100%LEL monitoring, portable instruments and R290 refrigeration. Compare semiconductor, catalytic, hot-wire, NDIR and MPS technologies by range, oxygen dependence, selectivity, calibration and integration requirements.
- [LPG Sensors: Propane & Butane Leak / LEL Sensor Selection Guide | Gas Nose](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-sensors/lpg-sensors/): Flat semiconductor LPG sensor with 300–10,000 ppm published range and ≤300 mW heater consumption.
- [Hydrogen Sensors: H₂ Sensor Selection Guide for ppm, LEL, Fuel Cells & BESS | Gas Nose](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-sensors/hydrogen-sensors/): Hydrogen sensors ↗
- [Methane Sensors: CH₄ Sensor Selection Guide for LEL, Mining & Natural Gas | Gas Nose](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-sensors/methane-sensors/): Select methane sensors for residential natural-gas alarms, industrial %LEL detectors, portable instruments, coal mines, pipelines, biogas systems and high-concentration CH₄ process measurement. Compare MOS, MEMS MOS, catalytic, NDIR, TDLAS, MPS and other combustible-gas technologies by range, power, selectivity and failure mode.
- [Formaldehyde Sensors: HCHO Sensor Selection Guide & Product Comparison | Gas Nose](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-sensors/formaldehyde-sensors/): Select formaldehyde sensors for indoor air-quality monitors, air purifiers, fresh-air systems, HVAC, smart homes, portable inspection instruments and industrial monitoring. Compare low-range HCHO modules, compact raw electrochemical cells, interference behavior and field-validation requirements.
- [Phosphine Sensors: PH₃ Sensor Selection Guide & Product Comparison | Gas Nose](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-sensors/phosphine-sensors/): Select PH₃ sensors for worker safety, grain fumigation, storage facilities, underground mining, semiconductor production and high-concentration process monitoring. Compare low-range electrochemical cells, conditioned modules and extended-range phosphine sensors by response, range, interference and duty cycle.
- [Hydrogen Cyanide Sensors: HCN Sensor Selection Guide & Product Comparison | Gas Nose](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-sensors/hydrogen-cyanide-sensors/): Hydrogen cyanide sensors use electrochemical reactions at a working electrode to produce a current related to HCN concentration. The mechanical principle is familiar, but the required electrode potential and analog front end can vary between products.
- [Ozone Sensors: O₃ Sensor Selection Guide & Product Comparison | Gas Nose](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-sensors/ozone-sensors/): 10–1000 ppm semiconductor ozone sensor with ≤950 mW heater consumption. It also responds to strong oxidizing gases including Cl₂ and NO₂.
- [Nitrogen Dioxide Sensors: NO₂ Sensor Selection Guide & Product Comparison | Gas Nose](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-sensors/nitrogen-dioxide-sensors/): NO₂ Sensor Selection
- [Sulfur Dioxide Sensors: SO₂ Sensor Selection Guide & Product Comparison | Gas Nose](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-sensors/sulfur-dioxide-sensors/): SO₂ Sensor Selection
- [Chlorine Gas Sensors: Cl₂ Sensor Selection Guide & Product Comparison | Gas Nose](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-sensors/chlorine-sensors/): Airborne Cl₂ Sensor Selection
- [Ammonia Sensors: NH₃ Sensor Selection Guide & Product Comparison | Gas Nose](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-sensors/ammonia-sensors/): 0–100 ppm planar MOS ammonia sensor with ≤300 mW heater consumption. Published applications include refrigerators, cold storage and agricultural breeding.
- [Hydrogen Sulfide Sensors & Manufacturer Guide | Gas Nose](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-sensors/hydrogen-sulfide-sensors/): H₂S Sensor Selection
- [Carbon Monoxide Sensors & CO Sensor Manufacturers | Gas Nose](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-sensors/carbon-monoxide-sensors/): CO Sensor Selection
- [Gas Tools](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-tools/): Free gas calculators and detection tools for concentration conversion, calibration planning, room-risk screening and sensor selection.
- [Gas Concentration Converter](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-tools/gas-concentration-converter/): Convert gas concentrations between ppm, ppb, %vol, mg/m³ and µg/m³ with gas molecular weight, temperature and pressure.
- [%LEL, %Vol & PPM Converter](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-tools/lel-calculator/): Convert gas concentrations between %LEL, %vol and ppm using gas-specific LEL and UEL values, common gas presets and custom references.
- [Gas Properties Database](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-tools/gas-properties-database/): Search common gas properties including formula, CAS number, molecular weight, density, LEL, UEL and sensing technologies.
- [Calibration Gas Consumption Calculator](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-tools/calibration-gas-consumption-calculator/): Estimate calibration and bump-test gas consumption per test, month and year, including waste allowance and cylinder quantities.
- [Calibration Cylinder Duration Calculator](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-tools/calibration-cylinder-duration-calculator/): Estimate calibration cylinder runtime, complete test events and operating days from gas volume, flow rate, test time and reserve.
- [4–20 mA Gas Calculator](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-tools/4-20ma-gas-calculator/): Convert 4–20 mA gas transmitter current to concentration or calculate expected current from a configured measuring range.
- [Oxygen Depletion Calculator](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-tools/oxygen-depletion-calculator/): Estimate oxygen depletion after an inert-gas release using room volume, release volume or mass and simplified mixing models.
- [CO₂ Room Risk Calculator](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-tools/co2-room-risk-calculator/): Estimate room CO₂ concentration from released mass, room volume, temperature and pressure, with occupational reference bands.
- [Refrigerant LFL Screening Calculator](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-tools/refrigerant-charge-limit-calculator/): Screen refrigerant charge against a selected fraction of LFL using room volume and editable refrigerant reference values.
- [Gas Sensor Product Finder](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-tools/gas-sensor-product-finder/): Find gas sensor technology and product-format starting points by target gas, application, output and power requirements.
- [Gas Sensors](https://www.gasnose.com/gas-sensors/): Explore gas sensor elements and modules by target gas, sensing principle and product format for OEM integration and product development.
- [N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone (NMP)](https://www.gasnose.com/gases/voc-solvent-vapors/n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone/): NMP is a high-boiling polar aprotic solvent widely used in lithium-ion battery cathode coating, electronics, semiconductor cleaning, polymers, coatings and adhesive removal. Monitoring must address vapor and aerosol exposure while treating skin contact as a separate, often dominant, pathway.
- [Fluorine (F₂)](https://www.gasnose.com/gases/semiconductor-specialty-gases/fluorine/): Fluorine is one of the most reactive industrial gases. It is used in specialty fluorination, nuclear-fuel processing, electronics and selected chamber-cleaning or surface-treatment operations. A small release can create severe respiratory injury, rapid corrosion and secondary hazards when fluorine reacts with moisture or combustible materials.
- [Hydrogen Selenide (H₂Se)](https://www.gasnose.com/gases/semiconductor-specialty-gases/hydrogen-selenide/): Hydrogen selenide is a highly toxic hydride used in compound-semiconductor, photovoltaic and specialty selenium chemistry. Its occupational limit is far below concentrations addressed by ordinary combustible-gas instruments, so facilities need validated low-ppm or sub-ppm monitoring, reliable gas-cabinet exhaust and automatic isolation.
- [Boron Trifluoride (BF₃)](https://www.gasnose.com/gases/semiconductor-specialty-gases/boron-trifluoride/): Boron trifluoride is a corrosive Lewis-acid gas used in semiconductor doping, ion implantation, catalyst systems and specialty boron chemistry. In humid air it hydrolyzes and can form hydrogen fluoride-containing products, making moisture, sample-line compatibility and acid-gas response central to detector design.
- [Acrolein (C₃H₄O)](https://www.gasnose.com/gases/voc-solvent-vapors/acrolein/): Acrolein is a highly irritating unsaturated aldehyde released by combustion, overheated fats and oils, fires, tobacco smoke and selected chemical processes. Its occupational limit is very low, and pulmonary effects may be delayed. Detection must distinguish low-ppm toxic exposure from broad smoke or VOC signals and from %LEL fire protection.
- [Propylene Oxide (C₃H₆O)](https://www.gasnose.com/gases/voc-solvent-vapors/propylene-oxide/): Propylene oxide is a volatile epoxide used to manufacture polyether polyols, propylene glycols and other chemicals. It is highly flammable, reactive and a potential occupational carcinogen. Monitoring must address low-level exposure, concentrated-vapor fire risk and the possibility of polymerization or contamination during storage and processing.

## Products
- [Winsen GM-702B MEMS Carbon Monoxide Gas Sensor](https://www.gasnose.com/product/winsen-gm-702b-mems-carbon-monoxide-gas-sensor/): The Winsen GM-702B is a MEMS metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) carbon monoxide (CO) gas sensor built on a micro-fabricated hotplate. When exposed to CO, the sensor’s conductivity changes with gas concentration, enabling simple circuits to convert the resistance change into a measurable output signal. Key highlights CO detection range: 5–5000 ppm Low power heater: ≤ 50 mW (typ.) Heater drive: dual-level heating (high/low) High sensitivity to CO, fast response & recovery Ceramic package, robust MEMS structure Suitable for residential and industrial CO leakage detection
- [Winsen MEs-CO Carbon Monoxide Sensor](https://www.gasnose.com/product/winsen-mes-co-carbon-monoxide-sensor/): Winsen MEs-CO is a fuel-cell electrochemical carbon monoxide sensor that generates an output current proportional to CO concentration (Faraday’s law). It is designed for smart homes, commercial buildings, underground garages, and fire monitoring applications requiring reliable CO concentration measurement. Highlights Range: 0–1000 ppm (max 2000 ppm) Sensitivity: 1.0–2.0 nA/ppm Resolution: 1 ppm Response time: T90 < 30 s Lifespan: 7–10 years
- [Winsen MEu-CO Carbon Monoxide Sensor](https://www.gasnose.com/product/winsen-meu-co-carbon-monoxide-sensor/): The Winsen MEu-CO is an electrochemical (fuel-cell) carbon monoxide sensor that outputs a current proportional to CO concentration. Designed for portable CO meters and fixed CO detectors used in industrial safety and environmental monitoring. Highlights CO range: 0–1000 ppm (max 2000 ppm) Sensitivity: 0.085 ± 0.015 nA/ppm Fast response: T90 < 15 s Low zero output and good stability Typical service life: 3 years (in air)